In the 1940s, the earliest electronic digital systems had no operating systems. Electronic systems at this time were so primitive compared to those of today that instructions were often entered into the system one bit at a time on rows of mechanical switches or by jumper wires on plug boards.
An Operating System acts as a communication agent between the system hardware and the end-user. One of the most important components is the kernel, which controls low-level processes that the average user usually cannot see – how memory is read and written, the order in which processes are executed.
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